Altera AC550-SoC开发板（5CSXFC6C6U23I7）用户自助服务手册

admin · 发表于 2024-10-16 21:19:49

本帖作为小梅哥AC550-SoC开发板资料帖。分成多个楼层，请大家注意查看后续回复楼层内容。

本产品正式量产版型号为AC550-SoC开发板，由核心板和底板构成。核心板型号为AC820-CVA6、底板型号为AC550。组合得到的开发板型号为AC550-SoC。以下为核心板和评估底板原理图pdf文件。

核心板原理图：

AC820-CVA6-240930.pdf (3.36 MB, 下载次数: 293)
底板原理图：

AC550-241101.pdf (6.84 MB, 下载次数: 395)

本产品的使用资料正在制作中，预计月底发布。大家也可以直接参考我们原AC540-SoC 开发板的资料

Altera SoC FPGA开发常见问题和技巧合集（目录汇总帖）
https://www.corecourse.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=29804
(出处: 芯路恒电子技术论坛)

admin · 发表于 2024-10-24 16:33:42

本楼层主要提供开发板的硬件信息

SOC FPGA芯片型号：
5CSXFC6C6U23I7

DDR3型号：
DDR3实际使用型号：F60C1A0004-M79W（江波龙，单颗512MB，工业级）
兼容型号：MT41K256M16 RE-125，位宽为32位（单颗是16位，核心板使用2颗，组成32位）

EMMC规格：
江波龙8GB：FEMDRM008G-58A39

FPGA配置FLASH：
N25Q128A（EPCS128）（零售款默认不焊接，不安装）

HPS QSPI FLASH：
N25Q128A（EPCS128）（这个型号支持使用Quartus烧录，但是已经很难买到，后续使用华邦的W25Q128，通过HPS烧录（不再支持Quartus烧录））

供电：
核心板使用单5V供电，供电电流建议不低于5A，宜采用3A的DCDC供电，不建议使用LDO供电
开发板使用6~12V DC供电，或在功耗不高的实验场景，可以使用Type-C供电（仅供简单小实验用，图个方便，开发调试项目时，强烈建议使用DC供电）

CLK50M	PIN_W21
CLK27M	PIN_D12
BEEP	PIN_AH11
CAN0_RXD	PIN_AD17
CAN0_TXD	PIN_AH14
CAN1_RXD	PIN_AH12
CAN1_TXD	PIN_AE17
CMOS_D0	PIN_AA24
CMOS_D1	PIN_AA23
CMOS_D2	PIN_W15
CMOS_D3	PIN_AD20
CMOS_D4	PIN_Y16
CMOS_D5	PIN_AE20
CMOS_D6	PIN_AG16
CMOS_D7	PIN_W14
CMOS_HREF	PIN_AG14
CMOS_PCLK	PIN_T13
CMOS_PWDN	PIN_V15
CMOS_RST	PIN_V16
CMOS_SCLK	PIN_U13
CMOS_SDA	PIN_AA13
CMOS_VSYNC	PIN_V13
CMOS_XCLK	PIN_U14
DVI_CLK_N	PIN_AE11
DVI_CLK_P	PIN_AD11
DVI_TX0_N	PIN_AE9
DVI_TX0_P	PIN_AD10
DVI_TX1_N	PIN_AA11
DVI_TX1_P	PIN_Y11
DVI_TX2_N	PIN_W12
DVI_TX2_P	PIN_V12
ES_ASDOUT	PIN_AG21
ES_CCLK	PIN_Y18
ES_CDATA	PIN_Y17
ES_DLCLK	PIN_AD19
ES_DSCLK	PIN_Y19
ES_DSDIN	PIN_AE19
ES_MCLK	PIN_AA20
FPGA_ENET0_GTX_CLK	PIN_AH27
FPGA_ENET0_MDC	PIN_AG23
FPGA_ENET0_MDIO	PIN_AF23
FPGA_ENET0_RESET_N	PIN_AF22
FPGA_ENET0_RX_CLK	PIN_Y13
FPGA_ENET0_RX_DATA0	PIN_AE15
FPGA_ENET0_RX_DATA1	PIN_AG13
FPGA_ENET0_RX_DATA2	PIN_AF13
FPGA_ENET0_RX_DATA3	PIN_AG11
FPGA_ENET0_RX_DV	PIN_AF15
FPGA_ENET0_TX_DATA0	PIN_AF28
FPGA_ENET0_TX_DATA1	PIN_AF27
FPGA_ENET0_TX_DATA2	PIN_AE26
FPGA_ENET0_TX_DATA3	PIN_AF26
FPGA_ENET0_TX_EN	PIN_AG28
FPGA_KEY0	PIN_AH8
FPGA_KEY1	PIN_AH7
FPGA_LED0	PIN_AE22
FPGA_LED1	PIN_AH17
FPGA_LED2	PIN_AA15
FPGA_LED3	PIN_AF18
FPGA_LED4	PIN_AH16
FPGA_LED5	PIN_AG15
FPGA_LED6	PIN_AH13
FPGA_LED7	PIN_AF17
HPS_USB_RESET_N	PIN_V11
IIC_SCL	PIN_AG8
IIC_SDA	PIN_AC24
LCD_B0	PIN_AH24
LCD_B1	PIN_AH23
LCD_B2	PIN_AH22
LCD_B3	PIN_AF20
LCD_B4	PIN_AG20
LCD_BL	PIN_AH18
LCD_DE	PIN_AG18
LCD_G0	PIN_AH26
LCD_G1	PIN_AC23
LCD_G2	PIN_AB23
LCD_G3	PIN_AF25
LCD_G4	PIN_AG25
LCD_G5	PIN_AG24
LCD_HSYNC	PIN_AG19
LCD_PCLK	PIN_Y15
LCD_R0	PIN_AF21
LCD_R1	PIN_AD26
LCD_R2	PIN_AE25
LCD_R3	PIN_AE24
LCD_R4	PIN_AG26
LCD_VSYNC	PIN_AH19
NetU1_A51	PIN_W8
NetU1_B57	PIN_AH9
NetU1_D69	PIN_AH21
PL_GPIO0	PIN_AE12
PL_GPIO1	PIN_AD12
PL_GPIO2	PIN_AF11
PL_GPIO3	PIN_AF10
PL_GPIO4	PIN_AE7
PL_GPIO5	PIN_AF8
PL_GPIO6	PIN_AF7
PL_GPIO7	PIN_AG6
PL_GPIO8	PIN_AF5
PL_GPIO9	PIN_AF6
PL_GPIO10	PIN_AE8
PL_GPIO11	PIN_AF9
PL_GPIO12	PIN_AH6
PL_GPIO13	PIN_AH5
PL_GPIO14	PIN_AG5
PL_GPIO15	PIN_AH4
PL_GPIO16	PIN_AH3
PL_GPIO17	PIN_AH2
PL_GPIO18	PIN_W11
PL_GPIO19	PIN_U9
PL_GPIO20	PIN_T8
PL_GPIO21	PIN_U10
PL_GPIO22	PIN_V10
PL_GPIO23	PIN_T11
PL_GPIO24	PIN_U11
PL_GPIO25	PIN_T12
PL_GPIO26	PIN_AD5
PL_GPIO27	PIN_AE6
PL_GPIO28	PIN_AE4
PL_GPIO29	PIN_AF4
PL_GPIO30	PIN_AC4
PL_GPIO31	PIN_AD4
PL_GPIO32	PIN_AA4
PL_GPIO33	PIN_AB4
PL_GPIO34	PIN_Y5
PL_GPIO35	PIN_Y4
PL_UART_RX	PIN_AG10
PL_UART_TX	PIN_AG9
RS485_REN	PIN_AE23
RS485_RXD	PIN_AC22
RS485_TXD	PIN_AD23
TP_INT	PIN_AA18
TP_RST	PIN_AA19
USB_4G_RSTn	PIN_Y8

admin · 发表于 2024-10-29 20:31:36

烧录HPS QSPI Flash操作方法

1、bsp-editor中设置通过QSPI Boot

2、在Advance中关闭看门狗

3、进入spl_bsp_qspi (spl_bsp)路径下

4、使用make uboot命令生成u-boot.img

5、将uboot-socfpga/u-boot.img重命名为u-boot.img.bin并拷贝到spl_bsp_qspi (spl_bsp)路径下

cp uboot-socfpga/u-boot.img u-boot.img.bin

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6、使用make命令生成preloader-mkpimage.bin文件

7、使用quartus_hps 命令将preloader-mkpimage.bin文件烧录进flash的0x00000地址

quartus_hps -c 1 -o PV -a 0x00000 preloader-mkpimage.bin

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8、使用quartus_hps 命令将u-boot.img.bin文件烧录进flash的0x60000地址

quartus_hps -c 1 -o PV -a 0x60000 u-boot.img.bin

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如果要再次烧录，可能会因为qspi默认启动后设置了flash，导致jtag获取不到flash id，此时需要先破坏qspi的启动条件。比如将QSPI的2号脚和4号脚短接再上电，上电后保持3秒再释放，重新烧录。或者用sd卡进入uboot，在uboot下擦除flash。

sf probe 0
sf erase 0x0 0x100000

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更多内容请参考下述帖子
https://www.cnblogs.com/StevenZh ... Flash_1024Mbit.html

通过xml文件和sopcinfo文件生成dts【慎用，xml对不上会有大问题】

sopc2dts --input soc_system.sopcinfo --output soc_system.dts --board soc_system_board_info.xml --board hps_ommon_board_info.xml --bridge-removal all --clocks

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通过dts生成dtb文件命令

dtc -I dts -o dtb -fo socfpga.dtb soc_system.dts

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KSZ9021网卡芯片正常工作设备树（GMAC1）

hps_0_gmac1: ethernet@0xff702000 {
compatible = "synopsys,dwmac-16.1", "altr,socfpga-stmmac", "snps,dwmac-3.70a", "snps,dwmac";
reg = <0xff702000 0x00002000>;
interrupt-parent = <&hps_0_arm_gic_0>;
interrupts = <0 120 4>;
clocks = <&emac1_clk>;
clock-names = "stmmaceth"; /* embeddedsw.dts.params.clock-names type STRING */
interrupt-names = "macirq"; /* embeddedsw.dts.params.interrupt-names type STRING */
rx-fifo-depth = <4096>; /* embeddedsw.dts.params.rx-fifo-depth type NUMBER */
snps,multicast-filter-bins = <256>; /* embeddedsw.dts.params.snps,multicast-filter-bins type NUMBER */
snps,perfect-filter-entries = <128>; /* embeddedsw.dts.params.snps,perfect-filter-entries type NUMBER */
status = "okay"; /* embeddedsw.dts.params.status type STRING */
tx-fifo-depth = <4096>; /* embeddedsw.dts.params.tx-fifo-depth type NUMBER */
address-bits = <48>;
max-frame-size = <3800>; /* appended from boardinfo */
local-mac-address = [00 00 00 00 00 00];
phy-mode = "rgmii"; /* appended from boardinfo */
snps,phy-addr = <0xffffffff>; /* appended from boardinfo */
phy-addr = <0xffffffff>; /* appended from boardinfo */
txc-skew-ps = <3000>; /* appended from boardinfo */
rxc-skew-ps = <3000>; /* appended from boardinfo */
txen-skew-ps = <0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
rxdv-skew-ps = <0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
rxd0-skew-ps = <0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
rxd1-skew-ps = <0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
rxd2-skew-ps = <0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
rxd3-skew-ps = <0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
txd0-skew-ps = <0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
txd1-skew-ps = <0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
txd2-skew-ps = <0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
txd3-skew-ps = <0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
altr,sysmgr-syscon = <&hps_0_sysmgr 0x00000060 2>; /* appended from boardinfo */
reset-names = "stmmaceth"; /* appended from boardinfo */
resets = <&hps_0_rstmgr 33>; /* appended from boardinfo */
}; //end ethernet@0xff702000 (hps_0_gmac1)

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SDMMC正常工作设备树

hps_0_sdmmc: flash@0xff704000 {
compatible = "snps,mmc-17.1", "altr,socfpga-dw-mshc";
reg = <0xff704000 0x00001000>;
interrupt-parent = <&hps_0_arm_gic_0>;
interrupts = <0 139 4>;
clocks = <&l4_mp_clk &sdmmc_clk_divided>;
clock-names = "biu", "ciu";
fifo-depth = <1024>; /* embeddedsw.dts.params.fifo-depth type NUMBER */
num-slots = <1>; /* embeddedsw.dts.params.num-slots type NUMBER */
status = "okay"; /* embeddedsw.dts.params.status type STRING */
#address-cells = <1>; /* appended from boardinfo */
#size-cells = <0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
broken-cd; /* appended from boardinfo */
cap-mmc-highspeed; /* appended from boardinfo */
cap-sd-highspeed; /* appended from boardinfo */
bus-width = <4>; /* appended from boardinfo */
altr,dw-mshc-ciu-div = <3>; /* appended from boardinfo */
altr,dw-mshc-sdr-timing = <0 3>; /* appended from boardinfo */
supports-highspeed; /* appended from boardinfo */
cd = <&hps_0_gpio1_porta 8 0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
cd-gpios = <&hps_0_gpio1_porta 8 0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
vmmc-supply = <®ulator_3_3v>; /* appended from boardinfo */
vqmmc-supply = <®ulator_3_3v>; /* appended from boardinfo */
slot_0: slot@0 {
reg = <0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
bus-width = <4>; /* appended from boardinfo */
}; //end slot@0 (slot_0)
}; //end flash@0xff704000 (hps_0_sdmmc)
hps_0_clkmgr: clkmgr@0xffd04000 {
。。。。。。。。。。
sdmmc_clk_divided: sdmmc_clk_divided {
#clock-cells = <0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
compatible = "altr,socfpga-gate-clk"; /* appended from boardinfo */
clocks = <&sdmmc_clk>; /* appended from boardinfo */
clk-gate = <0x000000a0 0x00000008>; /* appended from boardinfo */
fixed-divider = <4>; /* appended from boardinfo */
}; //end sdmmc_clk_divided (sdmmc_clk_divided)
}; //end clkmgr@0xffd04000 (hps_0_clkmgr)
regulator_3_3v: vcc3p3-regulator {
compatible = "regulator-fixed"; /* appended from boardinfo */
regulator-name = "3.3V"; /* appended from boardinfo */
regulator-min-microvolt = <3300000>; /* appended from boardinfo */
regulator-max-microvolt = <3300000>; /* appended from boardinfo */
}; //end vcc3p3-regulator (regulator_3_3v)

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内核调试模式的环境变量设置：

setenv mmcbootkgdb "setenv bootargs console=ttyS0,115200 kgdboc=ttyS0,115200 kgdbwait root=/dev/mmcblk0p2 rw rootwait;bootz 0x8000 - 0x00000100"

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正常运行模式环境变量设置：

setenv mmcboot "setenv bootargs console=ttyS0,115200 root=/dev/mmcblk0p2 rw rootwait;bootz 0x8000 - 0x00000100"

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设备树中生成的FPGA侧外设中断号计算方法：外设中断号+32=实际对应到HPS的中断号，比如DTS中button_pio中断号为41，则对应到HPS的中断号为41+32=73。32是因为HPS的0-31号中断为CPU本身的中断，非外设中断号，外设中断号从32开始算的。详见cyclone5_handbook的9. Cortex-A9 Microprocessor Unit Subsystem >> Cortex-A9 MPCore >> Generic Interrupt Controller。

admin · 发表于 4 天前

为了让内核支持ubuntu系统，需要开启大容量块支持，开启下列支持

CONFIG_LBDAF=y # 支持大块设备寻址

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使用FPGA的IO作为GT911触摸芯片的中断脚

为了让内核驱动支持使用FPGA侧的PIO作为INT脚，需要修改“goodix_request_irq”函数的内容，让其通过GPIO申请中断

/*
static int goodix_request_irq(struct goodix_ts_data *ts)
{
return devm_request_threaded_irq(&ts->client->dev, ts->client->irq,
NULL, goodix_ts_irq_handler,
ts->irq_flags, ts->client->name, ts);
}
*/
static int goodix_request_irq(struct goodix_ts_data *ts)
{
#if 0
int irq = ts->client->irq;
unsigned long irq_flags = ts->irq_flags;
// 添加调试打印
dev_info(&ts->client->dev, "Requesting IRQ:\n");
dev_info(&ts->client->dev, " IRQ number: %d\n", irq);
dev_info(&ts->client->dev, " IRQ flags: 0x%lx\n", irq_flags);
// 检查 irq 是否有效
if (!irq) {
dev_err(&ts->client->dev, "Invalid IRQ number\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
return devm_request_threaded_irq(&ts->client->dev, ts->client->irq,
NULL, goodix_ts_irq_handler,
ts->irq_flags, ts->client->name,ts);
#endif
int irq;
unsigned long irq_flags;
// 尝试从GPIO获取IRQ号
if (ts->gpiod_int)
irq = gpiod_to_irq(ts->gpiod_int);
else
irq = ts->client->irq;
dev_info(&ts->client->dev, "Requesting IRQ:\n");
dev_info(&ts->client->dev, " IRQ GPIO: %d\n",
ts->gpiod_int ? desc_to_gpio(ts->gpiod_int) : -1);
dev_info(&ts->client->dev, " IRQ number: %d\n", irq);
dev_info(&ts->client->dev, " Client IRQ: %d\n", ts->client->irq);
irq_flags = ts->irq_flags;
dev_info(&ts->client->dev, " IRQ flags: 0x%lx\n", irq_flags);
// 检查 irq 是否有效
if (irq <= 0) {
dev_err(&ts->client->dev, "Invalid IRQ number: %d\n", irq);
return -EINVAL;
}
// 保存获取的IRQ号
ts->client->irq = irq;
return devm_request_threaded_irq(&ts->client->dev, irq,
NULL, goodix_ts_irq_handler,
irq_flags, ts->client->name, ts);
}

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设备树中，需要按如下格式修改

hps_0_i2c0: i2c@0xffc04000 {
compatible = "snps,designware-i2c-17.1", "snps,designware-i2c";
reg = <0xffc04000 0x00000100>;
interrupt-parent = <&hps_0_arm_gic_0>;
interrupts = <0 158 4>;
clocks = <&l4_sp_clk>;
emptyfifo_hold_master = <1>; /* embeddedsw.dts.params.emptyfifo_hold_master type NUMBER */
status = "okay"; /* embeddedsw.dts.params.status type STRING */
#address-cells = <1>;
#size-cells = <0>;
speed-mode = <0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
clock-frequency = <100000>; /* appended from boardinfo */
i2c-sda-falling-time-ns = <5000>; /* appended from boardinfo */
i2c-scl-falling-time-ns = <5000>; /* appended from boardinfo */
touchpad: goodix,gt911@0x38 {
compatible = "goodix,gt911";
reg = <0x00000038>;
// interrupt-parent = <&tp_pio>; /* appended from boardinfo */
// interrupts = <0 0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
irq-gpios = <&tp_pio 0 0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
reset-gpios = <&tp_pio 1 0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
}; //end goodix,gt911@0x38 (touchpad)
touchpad1: goodix,gt911@0x5d {
compatible = "goodix,gt911";
reg = <0x0000005D>;
//自定义添加
// interrupt-parent = <&tp_pio>; /* appended from boardinfo */
// interrupts = <0 0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
irq-gpios = <&tp_pio 0 0>;
//该选项不可行
// interrupt-parent = <&tp_pio>; /* appended from boardinfo */
// interrupts = <0 0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
// irq-gpios = <&tp_pio 0 0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
//该选项可行
// interrupt-parent = <&hps_0_gpio2_porta>; /* appended from boardinfo */
// interrupts = <3 0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
// irq-gpios = <&hps_0_gpio2_porta 3 0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
reset-gpios = <&tp_pio 1 0>; /* appended from boardinfo */
}; //end goodix,gt911@0x5D (touchpad)
}; //end i2c@0xffc04000 (hps_0_i2c0)

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admin · 发表于 4 天前

https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43649647/article/details/123868495
https://www.cnblogs.com/milton/p/12074890.html
参考这两篇文章可以自己在ubuntu下制作和修改img文件内容

在ubuntu下，制作img文件
第一步，使用touch命令创建img文件

touch sd.img

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第二步，使用truncate命令修改文件尺寸，比如将img文件指定为8GB（8192*1024*1024=8,589,934,592）

truncate --size=8589934592 sd.img

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第三步，使用losetup命令挂载img文件为虚拟硬盘

sudo losetup --show -f sd.img
/dev/loop14

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/dev/loop14这个是终端自动弹出的，不同设备不一定一致，后面的所有/dev/loop13都要改成自己终端显示的

第四步，使用fdisk对镜像进行分区

sudo fdisk /dev/loop14

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fpgaer@ubuntu:$ sudo fdisk /dev/loop14
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.34).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xfb8adc85.
Command (m for help):

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输入p可查看该分区的大小：

Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/loop14: 8 GiB, 8589934592 bytes, 16777216 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xfb8adc85

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1.2.创建a2主分区
主分区存放的是预加载程序映像。每个预加载程序映像(在预加载程序部分生成)将包含四个冗余的64KB预加载程序映像(以防闪存损坏),因此该分区至少需要256KB。

输入n，开始创建分区，然后输入p将该分区设为主分区，分区号设为3，然后启动地址为默认直接回车（MBR占用1M空间，所以起始空间为2048bit），结束地址处，输入+1M，即创建该分区为1MB。

Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/loop14: 8 GiB, 8589934592 bytes, 16777216 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xfb8adc85
Command (m for help): ^C
Do you really want to quit? n
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 3
First sector (2048-16777215, default 2048):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-16777215, default 16777215): +1M
Created a new partition 3 of type 'Linux' and of size 1 MiB.

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默认情况下，fdisk用“Linux”类型创建每个分区。我们需要再进行设置一下，改为a2类型。输入t进行修改，然后输入a2 进行设置，因为a2是altera的专属设置，因此idisk识别不了，即显示unknown。

Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 3
Hex code (type L to list all codes): a2
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'unknown'.

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1.3.创建根文件系统分区
此时，Master Boot Record(MBR)和A2分区将用完2mb。现在，我们将为根文件系统添加6G(6144MB)的分区。将分区2创建为6144MB的主分区，默认起始扇区为4096。

Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1,2,4, default 1): 2
First sector (4096-16777215, default 4096):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (4096-16777215, default 16777215): +6144M
Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 6 GiB.

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默认情况下，fdisk实用程序将分区类型设置为“Linux ”,因此我们不需要更改根文件系统的分区类型(我们仍然需要在以后实际创建文件系统)。

1.4.创建FAT分区
FAT分区存放boot文件。该分区为主分区，为1号分区位置。

Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1,4, default 1): 1
First sector (12587008-16777215, default 12587008):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (12587008-16777215, default 16777215):
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.

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将分区1更改为FAT分区(这不会创建文件系统，只是通知读取SD卡的设备在这个分区上将有一个FAT文件系统)。

Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-3, default 3): 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): b
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'W95 FAT32'.

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1.5.验证及保存
打印出分区表，并验证它如下所示。

Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/loop14: 8 GiB, 8589934592 bytes, 16777216 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x39343cdb
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/loop14p1 12587008 16777215 4190208 2G b W95 FAT32
/dev/loop14p2 4096 12587007 12582912 6G 83 Linux
/dev/loop14p3 2048 4095 2048 1M a2 unknown
Partition table entries are not in disk order.
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Re-reading the partition table failed.: Invalid argument
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8).

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最后输入如下指令告诉内核进行更新，否则内核找不到刚才设立的分区。

sudo partprobe /dev/loop14

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ubuntu下更新preloader.img文件到sd卡的A2分区命令

sudo dd if=preloader.img of=/dev/loop14p3 bs=64k seek=0

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其中loop14p3 是ubuntu下挂载img文件后的A2分区名称，如果是实体SD卡，则可能是sdb3、sdc3，具体实体卡名是什么，可以通过sudo fdisk -l查看
bs是块大小，这里以64k是因为preloader.img文件尺寸为固定64K

ubuntu下更新u-boot.img文件到sd卡的A2分区命令

sudo dd if=u-boot.img of=/dev/loop14p3 bs=64k seek=4

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其中loop14p3 是ubuntu下挂载img文件后的A2分区名称，如果是实体SD卡，则可能是sdb3、sdc3，具体实体卡名是什么，可以通过sudo fdisk -l查看
bs是块大小，这里以64k是因为A2分区前面存放了4个冗余的64K容量的preloader。然后seek为4，意思就是从A2分区开头，跳过64K *4=256K的空间，再写入。

2.2.创建FAT文件系统与ext4文件系统
在分区1(我们设置为“FAT”类型的分区)上创建FAT文件系统。

sudo mkfs -t vfat /dev/loop14p1

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终端输入如下，在分区2创建ext4文件系统。也就是后面的根文件系统

udo mkfs.ext4 /dev/loop14p2
mke2fs 1.45.5 (07-Jan-2020)
Discarding device blocks: done
Creating filesystem with 1572864 4k blocks and 393216 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 88309e43-7e1e-4838-a9aa-c7e56a6a8ef2
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

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此时Ubuntu系统可能会自己自动挂载已经识别的fat和ext4分区到系统，可以在图形界面下看到了

用cp命令将fat分区下需要的文件（提前准备好）u-boot.img、u-boot.scr、soc_system.dtb、soc_system.rbf拷贝到fat分区下，也可以图形界面直接操作

cp u-boot.img u-boot.scr soc_system.dtb soc_system.rbf /home/fpgaer/F5B6-A9BC

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使用sync命令同步

sync

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拷贝准备好的文件系统到ext4分区

注意：拷贝文件系统需要保持所有文件属性，若直接用cp复制，不带-p参数，会导致文件属性丢失，导致系统最终起不来。
可以使用cp -nrp命令或者rsync命令完成文件带属性的拷贝

rsync [选项] 源文件或目录目标文件或目录

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例如，将本地目录/local/dir/同步到远程服务器的/remote/dir/：

rsync -avz /local/dir/ user@remotehost:/remote/dir/

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使用cp命令

cp -rp /data/project/ /backup/project/

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完事后，卸载镜像

sudo losetup -d /dev/loop14

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插入sd卡，使用dd命令将img文件烧入sd卡中

sudo dd if=sd.img of=/dev/sdc bs=2048

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